More on the APOL1 story

As I have mentioned before, there are a couple of common mutations of the APOL1 gene ( (G1 and G2) that protect against one strain of sleeping sickness, but unfortunately greatly increase the risk of kidney failure.   The story was unsimple because they didn’t  seem to protect against the other strain of sleeping sickness, the one that’s currently common in  populations carrying G1 and G2. The first guess was that the other strain used to be common there and was replaced by a different strain, somehing like what may have happened in central Africa, where almost everyone is immune to vivax malaria, but you don’t see much vivax there ( instead, falciparum).

A recent publication clarifies things a bit.  First, the two strains of  human sleeping sickness are  Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, which causes the acute East African  form, and T.b. gambiense, which causes the more chronic West  African form.

G2 gives strong protection against infection by the East African strain, but appears to increase vulnerability to the West African strain.  G1 doesn’t do much against the East African strain, but allow asymptomatic carriage of the West African strain – better survival, rather than resistance to infection.

 

 

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Eemian agriculture?

Agriculture emerged in several different places around the world not too long after the current interglacial began. At least some of those starts were independent, not inspired from others: certain agriculture originated independently in the New World.

But in the last  interglacial, about 120,000 years ago, it apparently didn’t happen anywhere.  At least I know of no evidence for it.  And it’s surely true that there  no technological civilization arose back then, because we’d find various kinds of lasting trash.

So.. but could there have been a try or two that didn’t spread far, didn’t prosper?  False dawns?  Some kinds of agriculture, like root crops, don’t leave a huge signature.

There might be hints in the genome. Assuming  a decent human skeleton of the right vintage, we could look for signs of adaptation to agriculture.   We know something about the genes that change in domestication syndrome: maybe we could find hints that somebody tamed wolves back in the day.   One can even imagine an older kind of agriculture that was closer to instinctive: ants and termites farm without being very smart.

 

 

 

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Try and Try Again

I was explaining ( to one of my kids) that controlled fusion has been ten years away for my entire life, and wondered about examples of something that has been tried, and tried,  and tried, until it was an hissing and a reproach – and then worked.

Panama Canal?

 

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Round Up The Usual Suspects

Some time ago I mentioned an odd unsolved murder, at Harvard, back in 1969.

One of our loyal readers noticed that the case has just  been solved. DNA – what can’t it do?

Nothing very unusual about the perp, or the crime.

 

 

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Books, 2018

You might also be interested in my booklists from 20142016, and 2017.

Ecological Imperialism

Three Hearts and Three Lions

The Searchers

The Drawing of the Dark

Quantitative Genetics

The Rise of the West

My Commando Operations

Desolation Island

When Titans Clashed 

The Price of Glory, Verdun 1916

Njal’s saga

Le Morte D’Arthur

The Complete Short Stories of Ambrose Bierce

Who We Are and How We Got Here

The Lever of Riches

The Son Also Rises

Fourth Mansions

Shackleton’s boat journey

The Last Stand of the Tin Can Sailors

The First World War 

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Brave New World

Since I just found out  that someone already wrote the story about Sauron as the doomed hero leading an abortive Industrial Revolution,  was thinking about a different fantasy world: one in which the environmentalists were correct.  One where interventions work & have lasting, significant, results. Head Start equalizes. Guys, after a hitch in the Job Corps,  are far more employable then they were before.  Pre-K materially improves outcomes, even without p-hacking ( which is hardly necessary, since the world works the way that social psychologists wish it did).  Adopted kids, exposed to the same family environment, are just like the true-blood children, not especially likely to be screwed up.

MZ twins don’t even look like each other.

Race does not exist.  Well, people look a little different, but given similar environments, they have the same chance of winning the 100-meter dash, or becoming first-rate mathematicians.

Teenage girls are just as likely to wrap their jalopy around a telephone pole as their boyfriends – at least, that became true when we modernized childcare.

Going to elite schools actually makes you smarter – and the negatives are less than here, because over there the crap that they push is true.

Left-wing behavioral geneticists are working fast food,  since their subject does not exist, but at least they’re happy.

The Soviet Union, which still exists, exports massive quantities of Arctic  wheat.

You can train a basset hound to act just like a Chihuahua.

Gaps faded away: they just had to.

Given a chance, along with some DDT and chloroquine, Africans start exporting scads of high-end cars and machine tools, while winning Nobels and proving the ERH.  Not only that: places like Indonesia and Pakistan and Nigeria are great powers, perfectly capable of  inventing and building new superweapons, perfecting armored warfare, and coming up with – and implementing – demented ideologies that  devastate whole continents. Africa and South America are wracked by industrialized total war.   Poison gas, not machetes ! Brazil is the country of the present – and always will be.

Of course, you have to be real careful raising toddlers, because even looking at them sideways can leave them psychologically crippled. The right kind of toilet training is crucial.  Detached moms can inflict autism without hardly trying: overprotective moms can turn any boy gay.  Although that’s also, at the same time,  entirely genetic, unlike anything else.

And considering how awful the results of bad early environments can be, it’s a wonder  how the children of the Depression ever managed to do more than chip flint.

 

 

 

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So I’m saying there’s a chance

https://www.thesun.co.uk/news/5447151/human-chimp-hybrid-born-florida-lab-killed-humanzee/

A HUMAN-chimpanzee hybrid was born in a Florida lab 100 years ago before being killed by panicked doctors, claims a renowned scientist.

Evolutionary psychologist Gordon Gallup coined the term “humanzee” which refers to a human-chimp crossbreed – a scientifically possible hybridisation which was attempted throughout the 20th century.

Gallup, who developed the famous mirror “self-recognition” test which proved primates could acknowledge their own reflection, claims his former university professor told him that a humanzee baby was born at a research facility where he used to work.

Speaking to The Sun Online, he said: “One of the most interesting cases involved an attempt which was made back in the 1920s in what was the first primate research centre established in the US in Orange Park, Florida.

“They inseminated a female chimpanzee with human semen from an undisclosed donor and claimed not only that pregnancy occurred but the pregnancy went full term and resulted in a live birth.

“But in the matter of days, or a few weeks, they began to consider the moral and ethical considerations and the infant was euthanised.”

Gallup said the professor worked at Yerkes before the research centre moved to Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia in 1930.

He added: “He told me the rumour was true. And he was a credible scientist in his own right.”


Camels and llamas split sometime in the Miocene, probably the early Miocene. So, more than ten million years ago. Yet hybrids are possible, although only a small fraction of attempts have succeeded.

So I’m saying there’s a chance.

I heard this story from Gordon Gallup a long time ago.

 

 

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